Archimandrite Pavel Stefanov

‘Pre-Inca’ temple found in Peru. - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7295754.stm

14 March 2008

The temple is a mile from the zig-zagging Sacsayhuaman fortress
Archaeologists in Peru have discovered ancient temple ruins that could predate the Inca empire.
The temple on the periphery of the Sacsayhuaman fortress includes 11 rooms thought to have held mummies and idols.

The discovery at the famous spot overlooking the Incan capital of Cuzco includes ancient roadway and irrigation systems, said the team of experts.

Researchers are still waiting for carbon dating tests to verify the age of the ruins.

The find was made in the archeologically rich region of southern Peru that includes the famed Machu Picchu ruins.

Sequence

Made of stones and adobe, the temple is said to measure 2,700 sq ft (250 sq m) and includes an area in the shape of a Chacana, an Incan religious symbol.

“It’s from both the Inca and pre-Inca cultures, it has a sequence,” Washington Camacho, director of the Sacsayhuaman Archaeological Park, told AP news agency.

“The Incas entered and changed the form of the temple, as it initially had a more rustic architecture.”

The Inca empire flourished along the western edge of South America during the 1400s, prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the next century.

The archaeologists believe the apparent irrigation system they have found was built by the Ayarmaca, who occupied the region between 900 to 1200.

Researchers said they had been lucky to find the temple, as part of it was destroyed nearly a century ago by dynamite blasts at a nearby rock quarry.

The team’s excavations began last summer and are expected to continue for another five years.

Leiden, Brill, 2008       Series: Presenting the Past, 1 ISBN-13 (i)The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) has been changed from 10 to 13 digits on 1 January 2007: 978 90 04 16671 4     Cover: Hardback Number of pages: 256 pp. Google Book Search: View this book at Google Book Search

Table of contents

Nancy van Deusen: Introduction

1. Frank T. Coulson: Failed Chastity and Ovid: Myrrha in the Latin Commentary Tradition from Antiquity to the Renaissance
2. Marcia L. Colish: Ambrose of Milan on Chastity
3. Uta-Renate Blumenthal: The Prohibition of Clerical Marriage in the Eleventh Century
4. Thérèse-Anne Druart: An Arab Christian Philosophical Defense of Religious Celebacy against its Islamic Condemnation: Yahyā ibn ‘Adī
5. Susan L’Engle: Depictions of Chastity: Virtue Made Visible
6. Claudia Bornholdt: What Makes a Marriage: Consent or Consummation in Twelfth-Century German Literature
7. Cristian Gaspar: “The Spirit of Fornication, Whom the Children of the Hellenes Used to Call Eros:” Problematizations of Male Homoeroticism in Late Antique Monastic Milieux
8. Rafael Chodos: The Cry of Eden
Readership

All those interested in intellectual history, the history of Late Antiquity, medieval history, and the history of the Church, as well as classical philologists and theologians.

About the author(s)

Nancy Van Deusen Ph.D. (l972) in Musicology, Indiana University, Bloomington, is Professor of Musicology, Benezet Professor of the Humanities, Claremont Graduate University, and is Director of the Claremont Consortium in Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Claremont Colleges and Graduate University, Claremont, California, USA. She has published extensively on music within the medieval city of Rome, music within medieval cathedrals, the medieval sequence within its Latin codicological and paleographical contexts as well as its significance for the history of ideas; music as medieval science and within the curriculum of the early university.

Table of contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations
Contributors
The Alexandria Project
Introduction

1. À la Recherche de la Systématisation des Connaissances et du Passage du Concret à l’Abstrait dans l’Égypte Ancienne, Mounir H. Megally
2. Private Collections and Temple Libraries in Ancient Egypt, Fayza M. Haikal
3. Earth, Wind, and Fire: The Alexandrian Fire-storm of 48 B.C., William J. Cherf
4. The Destruction of the Library of Alexandria: An Archaeological Viewpoint, Jean-Yves Empereur
5. Demise of the Daughter Library, Mostafa A. El-Abbadi
6. Ce Que Construisent les Ruines?, Lucien X. Polastron
7. The Nag Hammadi ‘Library’ of Coptic Papyrus Codices, Birger A. Pearson
8. Learned Women in the Alexandrian Scholarship and Society of Late Hellenism, Maria Dzielska
9. Synesius of Cyrene and the Christian Neoplatonism: Patterns of Religious and Cultural Symbiosis, Dimitar Y. Dimitrov
10. Damascius and the ‘Collectio Philosophica‘: A Chapter in the History of Philosophical Schools and Libraries in the Neoplatonic Tradition, Georges Leroux
11. Academic Life of Late Antique Alexandria: A View from the Field, Grzegorz Majcherek
12. The Arab Story of the Destruction of the Ancient Library of Alexandria, Qassem Abdou Qassem
13. The Arab Destruction of the Library of Alexandria: Anatomy of a Myth, Bernard Lewis

Bibliography
I. Sources
II. Lexical Works
III. Modern Literature
General Index

Readership

Classicists, Librarians, Arabists, Archaeologists, Researchers in: the history of Egypt in Late antiquity & early Arab/Isalmic period, ancient Alexandrian heritage, ancient scholarship and history of science, Late Antiquity, history of libraries & books, and educated laymen.

About the author(s)

Mostafa A. El-Abbadi is a Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies at the University of Alexandria, Egypt, Special Advisor to the Director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and President of the Archaeological Society of Alexandria. He is the author of several books and articles, including Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria (Paris, 1990), which was translated into several languages.
Omnia M. Fathallah is Director of Public Servcies at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (BA). She is a graduate of the University of Alexandria, Egypt (B.A., 1992), specialized in Classical Studies. In 1993, she began her librarianship career at the BA as a cataloger. In 2002, she was appointed coordinator of the Alexandria Project (AP). She organized the International Seminar “What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria?” (26–28 September 2004) of which this publication is the scholarly output.